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,
Stanford President
David Starr Jordan wrote, "Somebody—Dr. Angell, perhaps—remarked that 'Agassiz was great in the abstract but not in the concrete.'"
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (May 28
1807—December 14 1873) was a
Swiss-
United States zoologist,
glaciologist, and
geologist, the husband of educator
Elizabeth Cabot Cary Agassiz, and one of the first world-class American scientists.
Early life and education
Louis Agassiz was born in Môtier (now part of
Haut-Vully) in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. Educated first at home, then spending four years of secondary school in Bienne, he completed his elementary studies in Lausanne. Having adopted medicine as his profession, he studied successively at the universities of
University of Zurich, Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg and Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich; while there he extended his knowledge of natural history, especially of botany. In
1829 he received the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy at Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, and in
1830 that of
doctor of medicine at Munich. Moving to
Paris he fell under the tutelage of
Alexander von Humboldt and
Georges Cuvier, who launched him on his careers of geology and zoology respectively. Until shortly before this time he had paid no special attention to the study of
ichthyology, which soon afterwards became the great occupation of his life, if not the one for which he is most remembered in the modern day. On the other hand, Agassiz was also openly a
racist and an early supporter of Apartheid (s. Hans Faessler, "Reisen in Schwarz-Weiss", Rotpunkt Zurich 2005, ISBN 3-85869-0).
Early work
In 1819-1820,
Johann Baptist von Spix and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius were engaged in an expedition to Brazil, and on their return to Europe, amongst other collections of natural objects they brought home an important set of the
fresh water fish of Brazil, and especially of the
Amazon River. Spix, who died in
1826, did not live long enough to work out the history of these fish, and Agassiz (though fresh out of school) was selected by Martius for this purpose. He at once threw himself into the work with an enthusiasm which characterized him to the end of his busy life. The task of describing the Brazilian fish was completed and published in
1829. This was followed by research into the history of the fish found in Lake Neuchâtel. Enlarging his plans, in
1830 he issued a prospectus of a
History of the Freshwater Fish of Central Europe. It was only in 1839, however, that the first part of this publication appeared, and it was completed in 1842. In
1832 he was appointed professor of natural history in the University of Neuchâtel. The fossil fish there soon attracted his attention. The fossil-rich stones furnished by the slates of
Glarus and the
limestones of Monte Bolca were known at the time, but very little had been accomplished in the way of scientific study of them. Agassiz, as early as 1829, planned the publication of the work which, more than any other, laid the foundation of his world-wide fame. Five volumes of his
Recherches sur les poissons fossiles ("Research on Fossil Fish") appeared at intervals from
1833 to 1843. They were magnificently illustrated, chiefly by
Joseph Dinkel. In gathering materials for this work Agassiz visited the principal museums in Europe, and meeting Cuvier in Paris, he received much encouragement and assistance from him. They had known him for seven years at the time.
Agassiz found that his palaeontological labours made necessary a new basis of ichthyological classification. The fossils rarely exhibited any traces of the soft tissues of fish. They consisted chiefly of the teeth, scales and fins, even the bones being perfectly preserved in comparatively few instances. He therefore adopted a classification which divided fish into four groups: Ganoids, Placoids, Cycloids and Ctenoids, based on the nature of the scales and other dermal appendages. While Agassiz did much to place the subject on a scientific basis, this classification has been superseded by later work.
As Agassiz's descriptive work proceeded, it became obvious that it would over-tax his resources unless financial assistance could be found. The
British Association for the Advancement of Science came to his aid, and the
Earl of Ellesmere — then
Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere — gave him yet more efficient help. The 1,290 original drawings made for the work were purchased by the Earl, and presented by him to the
Geological Society of London. In
1836 the Wollaston Medal was awarded to Agassiz by the council of that society for his work on fossil ichthyology; and in 1838 he was elected a foreign member of the
Royal Society. Meanwhile invertebrate animals engaged his attention. In
1837 he issued the "Prodrome" of a monograph on the recent and fossil Echinodermata, the first part of which appeared in 1838; in 1839-1840 he published two quarto volumes on the fossil Echinoderms of Switzerland; and in
1840-1845 he issued his
Etudes critiques sur les mollusques fossiles ("Critical Studies on Fossil Mollusks").
Before his first visit to England in 1834, the labours of
Hugh Miller and other geologists brought to light the remarkable fish of the Old Red Sandstone of the northeast of Scotland. The strange forms of the
Pterichthys, the
Coccosteus and other
genus were then made known to geologists for the first time. They were of intense interest to Agassiz, and formed the subject of a special monograph by him published in 1844-
1845:
Monographie des poissons fossiles du Vieux Gres Rouge, ou Systeme Devonien (Old Red Sandstone) des Iles Britanniques et de Russie ("Monograph on Fossil Fish of the Old Red Sandstone, or Devonian System of the British Isles and of Russia").
In the early stages of his career in Neuchatel, Agassiz also made a name for himself as a man who could run a scientific department well. Under his care, the University of Neuchâtel soon became a leading institution for scientific inquiry.
Proposal of an ice age
In 1837 Agassiz was the first to scientifically propose that the Earth had been subject to a past
ice age. e. g.:
, Stanford President David Starr Jordan wrote, "Somebody—Dr. Angell, perhaps—remarked that 'Agassiz was great in the abstract but not in the concrete.'"
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (
May 28 1807—
December 14 1873) was a
Swiss-
United States zoologist,
glaciologist, and geologist, the husband of educator Elizabeth Cabot Cary Agassiz, and one of the first world-class American scientists.
Early life and education
Louis Agassiz was born in Môtier (now part of
Haut-Vully) in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. Educated first at home, then spending four years of secondary school in
Bienne, he completed his elementary studies in Lausanne. Having adopted medicine as his profession, he studied successively at the universities of University of Zurich,
Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg and Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich; while there he extended his knowledge of natural history, especially of
botany. In
1829 he received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at
Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, and in 1830 that of doctor of medicine at Munich. Moving to
Paris he fell under the tutelage of Alexander von Humboldt and Georges Cuvier, who launched him on his careers of geology and zoology respectively. Until shortly before this time he had paid no special attention to the study of ichthyology, which soon afterwards became the great occupation of his life, if not the one for which he is most remembered in the modern day. On the other hand, Agassiz was also openly a
racist and an early supporter of Apartheid (s. Hans Faessler, "Reisen in Schwarz-Weiss", Rotpunkt Zurich 2005, ISBN 3-85869-0).
Early work
In 1819-1820,
Johann Baptist von Spix and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius were engaged in an expedition to Brazil, and on their return to Europe, amongst other collections of natural objects they brought home an important set of the
fresh water fish of
Brazil, and especially of the
Amazon River. Spix, who died in
1826, did not live long enough to work out the history of these fish, and Agassiz (though fresh out of school) was selected by Martius for this purpose. He at once threw himself into the work with an enthusiasm which characterized him to the end of his busy life. The task of describing the Brazilian fish was completed and published in
1829. This was followed by research into the history of the fish found in Lake Neuchâtel. Enlarging his plans, in
1830 he issued a prospectus of a
History of the Freshwater Fish of Central Europe. It was only in 1839, however, that the first part of this publication appeared, and it was completed in
1842. In 1832 he was appointed professor of natural history in the
University of Neuchâtel. The
fossil fish there soon attracted his attention. The fossil-rich stones furnished by the
slates of Glarus and the limestones of Monte Bolca were known at the time, but very little had been accomplished in the way of scientific study of them. Agassiz, as early as 1829, planned the publication of the work which, more than any other, laid the foundation of his world-wide fame. Five volumes of his
Recherches sur les poissons fossiles ("Research on Fossil Fish") appeared at intervals from
1833 to 1843. They were magnificently illustrated, chiefly by Joseph Dinkel. In gathering materials for this work Agassiz visited the principal museums in Europe, and meeting Cuvier in Paris, he received much encouragement and assistance from him. They had known him for seven years at the time.
Agassiz found that his palaeontological labours made necessary a new basis of ichthyological classification. The fossils rarely exhibited any traces of the soft tissues of fish. They consisted chiefly of the teeth, scales and fins, even the bones being perfectly preserved in comparatively few instances. He therefore adopted a classification which divided fish into four groups: Ganoids, Placoids, Cycloids and Ctenoids, based on the nature of the scales and other dermal appendages. While Agassiz did much to place the subject on a scientific basis, this classification has been superseded by later work.
As Agassiz's descriptive work proceeded, it became obvious that it would over-tax his resources unless financial assistance could be found. The British Association for the Advancement of Science came to his aid, and the
Earl of Ellesmere — then
Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere — gave him yet more efficient help. The 1,290 original drawings made for the work were purchased by the Earl, and presented by him to the
Geological Society of London. In
1836 the
Wollaston Medal was awarded to Agassiz by the council of that society for his work on fossil ichthyology; and in 1838 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Society. Meanwhile
invertebrate animals engaged his attention. In
1837 he issued the "Prodrome" of a monograph on the recent and fossil Echinodermata, the first part of which appeared in
1838; in 1839-1840 he published two quarto volumes on the fossil Echinoderms of Switzerland; and in
1840-
1845 he issued his
Etudes critiques sur les mollusques fossiles ("Critical Studies on Fossil Mollusks").
Before his first visit to England in
1834, the labours of Hugh Miller and other geologists brought to light the remarkable fish of the
Old Red Sandstone of the northeast of
Scotland. The strange forms of the
Pterichthys, the
Coccosteus and other
genus were then made known to geologists for the first time. They were of intense interest to Agassiz, and formed the subject of a special monograph by him published in
1844-
1845:
Monographie des poissons fossiles du Vieux Gres Rouge, ou Systeme Devonien (Old Red Sandstone) des Iles Britanniques et de Russie ("Monograph on Fossil Fish of the Old Red Sandstone, or Devonian System of the British Isles and of Russia").
In the early stages of his career in Neuchatel, Agassiz also made a name for himself as a man who could run a scientific department well. Under his care, the University of Neuchâtel soon became a leading institution for scientific inquiry.
Proposal of an ice age
In 1837 Agassiz was the first to scientifically propose that the Earth had been subject to a past
ice age. e. g.:
Louis Agassiz
I have devoted my whole life to the study of Nature, and yet a single sentence may express all that I have done. I have shown that there is a correspondence between the succession ...
Louis Agassiz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (May 28, 1807 — December 14, 1873) was a Swiss-American zoologist, glaciologist, and geologist, the husband of educator Elizabeth Cabot Cary Agassiz ...
Louis Agassiz Fuertes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Louis Agassiz Fuertes (1874 – 1927) was an American ornithologist, illustrator and artist. Fuertes decided to concentrate on painting birds as a career after meeting Elliott ...
Louis Agassiz
Louis Agassiz (1807-1873), who during the third quarter of the 19th century became something of the prototypical American naturalist, was in fact born in Switzerland.
Louis Agassiz Fuertes Prints by AllPosters.co.uk
Louis Agassiz Fuertes Prints by AllPosters.co.uk. Choose from over 500,000 Posters, Prints & Art. Fast UK Delivery, Value Framing, 100% Satisfaction Guarantee.
Lefalophodon: Louis Agassiz
I trust to outlive this mania" (1867: in reference to Darwinism) Key figure in the history of organismal biology and geology. Formulated theory of the Ice Ages (i.e., that pre ...
Louis Agassiz
Louis Agassiz, 1807-1873. Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz. born 28 May,1807, Friborg Switzerland died 14 December,1873, Cambridge, MA
Louis Agassiz Fuertes - Wikimedia Commons
English: Louis Agassiz Fuertes (1874 - 1927) was an American ornithologist and illustrator. Galleries to be organized by published work.
Category:Louis Agassiz - Wikimedia Commons
English: Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (1807-1873) was a Swiss-American zoologist and geologist.
Relics and Selves Exhibition
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